West Virginia Colleges SAT Score Comparison

Nursing An Explosive Increase Of Nursing Knowledge...

Introduction. There is an explosive increase of nursing knowledge worldwide. The amount of data nurses use and process in the delivery of care continues to increase daily. The advancement in informatics and computer technology have broad implications for this knowledge explosion and can facilitate the collection, manipulation, and retrieval of essential nursing data for practice and research. (AJPH, 1991). The Nursing Minimum Data Set is a standardized tool used for the collection of important nursing data, which are frequently utilized by nurses to provide accurate evidence- based care. This tool enables healthcare providers and nurses to collect and compare nursing data from different sources, with the purpose of evaluating the information gathered to provide more efficient healthcare services to the patients. According to Friedman, (1990), the invisibility of nursing, is a phenomenon identified as a problem of nursing viewed as critical to patient care, and equally regarded as a low profile pos ition. The absence of coded standardized nursing data that are incorporated into electronic databases, contributes to the invisibility of nursing. Nursing procedures were faulted for supporting evidence and lacked supporting research-based evidence. Nursing documentation did not clearly demonstrate nursing’s value and was not easily accessible or measurable. (Sewell Thede, 2012). Nurses have always been respected healthcare providers, but the value of nursing documentationShow MoreRelatedJohnson and Johnson Analysis9749 Words   |  39 Pages2009, Johnson and Johnson experienced its first sales decline in over 76 years (JNJ 2009 Annual Report). The decline was due to a worldwide recession which caused 2009 sales ($61.9B) to decrease 2.9 percent from 2008 figures ($63.7B). 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Questions on Modern Consumerism Free Essays

I shop therefore I know that I am Decide if the following sentences are true or false according to the test ‘l shop therefore I know that I am†. 1- The two crucial defining features of modern consumerism are emotion and desire False.. We will write a custom essay sample on Questions on Modern Consumerism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two are emotion and desire and individualism 2- It’s quite clear that a distinctive channel of modern consumption is the extent to which good and services are bought by individuals for their own use. True.. 3- The two features support each other combining to define the nature of modern mesmerism. True.. 4- Astrology cannot serve as a useful guide to an understanding of the social and cultural word. False, it can serve as a guide to that. 5- What is needed is sociology of postmodernism, not a postmodern sociology True, as Mike Featheriness has said. 6- The author suggests that it is our interests or hobbies that define us. False, the author says that if you have some particular hobbies then you can meet people with similar interests. 7- The person we really consider’ ‘ the real me† is to be found in our special mix of tastes. True 8- It is crucial for us to test ourselves for a wide range of variation in products. True 9- The marketplace is not indispensable to the process of discovering who we really are. False, it is 10- The real location of our identity is to be found in our reaction to products, and not in the products themselves. True 11- Our parent’s and grandparent’s used to consider themselves as we consider ourselves nowadays. False, for them identity was far more likely to be primarily a tater of their status and position in various institutions and associations. 12- Not all consumption is individualistic at nature. True This article is about the metaphysical basis of modern consumerism, which tries to explain the relationship between the metaphysic and the consumption showing several accepted answers to the crucial question Why do we consume? Such as the pursuit of pleasure and the imitation of others. It also emphasizes the crucial defining features of this consumerism which are the process of desiring† that lie at he heart of the phenomenon mentioned before and the critical but defining characteristic of it the individualism† which support each other combining to define the nature of modern consumerism. The author underlines that the individuals concerned appear to define their essential identity almost exclusively in terms of their tastes and viewed in that way the activity of consuming is considered as the vital and necessary path to self-discovery while the marketplace itself becomes indispensable to the process of discovering who we really are. How to cite Questions on Modern Consumerism, Papers

Demand for Globalization and Internationalization-Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Challenges and opportunities for international students in Australia. Answer: Introduction The recent demand for globalization and internationalization has increased the inflow of international students in Australia. There exists strong competition among the international students of Australia at the global level that is forcing them to adapt innovative ideas. The international students in the Australian university are struggling hard to gather work experience because they have limited knowledge and poor understanding of the job application processes. According to a news report published in the Australia (2014), it has been found that the international students are frustrated because they do not have proper job experience. Although major importance is provided on the work experience, these international students in Australia requires further opportunity to develop themselves and establish local areas in order to improve their skills and talents. The students also must also pay greater attention on learning English language and other integrated learning program. This will e nhance the employability of the students and it will enhance the value of the degree of international students. The international students are extremely crucial for Australian higher education process (Xu 2015). These international students also enhance the academic excellence of the colleges and the universities which they attend. The international students are also ranked in terms of their home country and they have to meet the requirements of academic and language aspects. The international student in different Australian university enhance the rich cultural diversity of the Australian campus. These students also represents a large international and economic relations investments for the different universities through their expenditures on living and tutoring expense. The international students also contribute financially for the development of the different universities in Australia and if these students fulfill their needs, it can contribute to the development process (Deresky 2017). Project Scope The project will help to know the challenges and opportunities faced by the Australian students which will help in the enhancement of academic excellence of the universities. The international students also face challenges in regard to food, financial problem, different living conditions, learning styles, studying schedules and balancing their work life. The paper will also help to get an idea of the series of transnational difficulties which are faced by the students in their daily life and cultural adaptation. Moreover, the paper will also be beneficial to know the varying effects of stress on the international students of Australia. Project Objectives In order to understand and analyse the paper, the following research objectives will have to be fulfilled: To explore the hurdles and challenges which are faced by the international students in Australia. To find out the opportunities which are faced by the students in Australia. To get an idea of the language barriers which are faced by the international students who are pursuing their education in Australia. Literature Review According to Harmon (2015), Australian universities have made better development for achieving the goal of internationalization of the higher education system. The government of Australia is trying to put considerable support for internationalizing the curriculum and achieving enhanced benchmark and research collaboration. The international students also faced challenge when there was sudden fee hike in the students. Australia has tried to develop niche within the international market and thus focus on the provision of English language in the higher education institutes. As majority of the students in Australia comes from East Asian countries and they are trying to expand the education system in the English language. There has been significant change between the in-country and offshore development of international students in Australia. The Australian university has also collaborated or joined multiple partnership agreement with the other universities for proper delivery of the cours e structure. This will also help the students in pursuing professional course and gathering experience. Many Australian universities are trying to operate in offshore countries. This offshore international decision has attracted many students in terms of lower tuition fees and provision of western style English education to the international students. However, there might be certain risks and management challenges such as financial risks which might be challenging for the students. Wu et al. (2015) has highlighted that the international students of different universities contribute to internationalization and diversity in the classroom. Moreover, these will enhance appreciation and mutual understanding between the students who belong from different cultural background. The international students will also have advantages try to bring divergent ways of thinking . This will also help in catalyzing academic competition between the students. As majority of the funding of international students comes from their family and other personal sources, it is important to check that whether the students will contribute financially for the development of the society. Moreover, international students also gave priority to loneliness and isolation when they go to pursue their education in other countries. Language is considered as the most important challenge for the students which hinders the smooth adjustment of the international students. It has been found that the staff or the teachers of different universities were not empathetic for the development of students language. The students were also criticized for not taking responsibility in their academic advancement. Lacks of English proficiency among the students were considered as the most important challenge for the students. Several socio-cultural challenges were also faced by the international students. The students comes from different country and they face difficulty in coping with their daily life. The students had to find proper place to accommodate and withdraw money or apply for credit cards. They must also be able to find out proper transportation facilities from transporting from one place to another. It becomes challenging and difficult to survive in a new location for the international students who try to pursue their education in Australia. The international students might also have to experience cultural shock after settling in a new place. King and Raghuram (2013) has opined that the students must have the capability to cope with acculturative stress. This refers to the negative outcome of the international students. It has been found that the students experience trigger, anxiety, loss, uneasiness , academic pressure, inferiority feeling, depression and the difficulty to adjust to a new place. Many international students in Australia who stay away from their home or family also has to face difficulty in adjustment. They stay away from the comforts of their home and thus this leads to depression among themselves. The international students in Australia will also have to struggle with the food habits. The students might also face difficulty in maintaining their budget while they stay abroad. They have to maintain the accommodation as well as tuition fees and thus carry out their studies. The employability of the international students in Australia is also considered as an important challenge (Gomes et al. 2014). The stud ents also needs to acquire work experience so that they complement with the other students to build a career portfolio which will ensure global access to the home country. The international students are also trying to benefit from the skill stream policies. The government must also become aware about the higher level of advantage given to the different international students. The skill policy has also favoured sponsorship. The main aim of sponsorship is to provide higher quality student to the Australian students rather than providing them employment (Marginson 2014). Deresky (2017) has highlighted that the international students in Australia can be stressed for various reasons. There are many international students who come to pursue their education in Australia after travelling for more than 10 hours. They feel exhausted to attend the colleges or the universities after travelling for long distance. The international student also face challenges in perceiving the different value systems. In Australia, men and women are treated equally and the international students also face challenges when they are instructed by any female instructors. The challenge faced by the international students is that they experience pluralism in the country. The students must be willing to accept different culture, values and political beliefs which will make them united as part of the group. As there are different cultural or ethnic group, there might be individual differences between the people and problem may emerge in communication (Xu 2015). Harmon (2015) has highlighted that the students chose Australian university because they want to improve their English and also prefer to complete their graduation from western university. The international student hopes to achieve higher grades and learn the language properly. It has been found that majority of the students in Australia prefer to pursue education in the Australian university because they want to learn the language. The student also gets the opportunity to know the in-depth concept of any subject. It has been found that majority of the students in the Australian university wants to get knowledge and skill rather than achieving higher grades in the examination. Moreover, the students also want to improve academic English that is considered more critical for them. The teachers of these university expects that the student will get good grades and the concept will be properly taught to them. The teachers and the parents also expect that they will be taught better English and thus this will help the students to get better job facilities and also improve the skills of the students. The international students prefer to choose Australia for pursuing higher education because of international reputation and excellence in the field of academics. On the other hand, the course structure of Australian university is recognized internationally and it is of much higher standards than the other universities. The students enjoy a relaxed lifestyle when they visit Australia to pursue their education. Altbach (2015) has opined that the educational expense in Australia ids cheaper compared to the other countries and thus is preferred by the students. The students also gets the opportunity to enjoy the diverse landscape and the scenic beauty of Australia. Moreover, the students also prefer Australia because it is considered as a vibrant and multicultural city. There is also provision for the establishment of support network for the students. The international students can also pass the course easily when they get enrolled in the Australian university. They also hope to get good grades and thus understand the concept easily. The English language skills of these students will be overruled and the teachers can expect more from the students. In order to assess the learning outcomes of the student, different pedagogies are developed and they are grounded for the development of sound teaching practices and theories. Glass and Westmont (2014) has highlighted that the innovative learning pr actices will also help the students in Australia to develop their judgemental capacity. The students are also provided with different journals which will help them in improving their judgmental capacity. They will be formulate different questions and raise them in tutorials. This will encourage them to increase their collaborative thinking ideas. Moreover, the learning journals will also help the students to track and assess the capability of the students. Communication interaction will also help to clarify the concepts and clear the misunderstanding of the students. The international students in Australia will also have the capability to deal with the demands and intricacies of formal language. The students will be capable to learn the language correctly and they will be encouraged to develop higher order learning skills. Hamid et al.(2015) has highlighted that the international students get the opportunity to engage in part time jobs in Australia. It will help the students to develop their personal strength and weakness and thus they will be capable to handle themselves in all situations. The international students can also apply in different jobs and they will be able to assist the other students in the home country who are searching for jobs. There are different job prospects for the students and they get the enhance their skills accordingly. On the other hand, the students who prefers to settle in Australia get professional and permanent opportunities in the country and they can apply their desired skills and education in the job accordingly. Literature Gaps Authors Name Gaps in Literature Harmon (2015) The paper has failed to highlight how the Australian universities can develop the goals which is essential for internationalization of the higher education institutes. The challenges which are faced by the international students are highlighted. However, it has failed to highlight how to overcome the challenges. Wu et al. (2015) The paper has failed to highlight how students from different cultural background can help each other for developing their English language and skills. Moreover the paper has highlighted how the students face difficulty in coping with their daily life. However, it has failed to highlight how the students must overcome these challenges in their daily life. King and Raghuram (2013) The paper has failed to highlight how the international students in Australia can cope with the challenges and adjust to the new environment accordingly. The paper has not shown how the students acquire work experience so that they complement with the other students and thus build their career Deresky (2017) The paper has failed to highlight how the students must perceive the different value systems It has also failed to highlight how to reduce pluralism in the country. Harmon (2015) The paper has failed to highlight how the international student must achieve higher grades and learn the language properly. It has not discussed how the student gets the opportunity to learn any concept properly Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be deduced that the students coming to Australia for higher studies face various challenges and opportunities in this countries. The opportunities that the students face while studying in Australia are the benefits of learning new language, learning English as their first language, getting chance to involve themselves in part time work and better opportunities after the course. This is the reason students immigrating to Australia for higher studies are increasing over the years. The students studying in Australia get to learn many mort things other than studies by doing part time work. They are able to adapt responsibility skills in their early ages by working as part time. Moreover, the education of Australia is much better than any other country. However, along with these opportunities international student also face various threats in Australian university and the kind of education they deliver. Differences in culture are the most crucial challenge the international student face while studying in Australia. The type of perception that Australian people have are very different from that of other countries. Thus, adapting themselves in new situation becomes a challenge for the international students. Education in the abroad universality proves to be expensive for the international student due compared to their home country. Moreover, fitting themselves in new environment and living alone is yet another challenge the students face while in Australia. This proves that even though studying in Australia is beneficial for the international students, yet they have to deal and adjust themselves with various challenges. References Altbach, P., 2015. Perspectives on internationalizing higher education.International Higher Education, (27). Deresky, H., 2017.International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. Glass, C.R. and Westmont, C.M., 2014. Comparative effects of belongingness on the academic success and cross-cultural interactions of domestic and international students.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,38, pp.106-119. Gomes, C., Berry, M., Alzougool, B. and Chang, S., 2014. Home away from home: International students and their identity-based social networks in Australia.Journal of International Students,4(1), pp.2-15. Hamid, S., Waycott, J., Kurnia, S. and Chang, S., 2015. Understanding students' perceptions of the benefits of online social networking use for teaching and learning.The Internet and Higher Education,26, pp.1-9. Harmon, G., 2015. Australia as an higher education exporter.International Higher Education, (42). King, R. and Raghuram, P., 2013. International student migration: mapping the field and new research agendas.Population, Space and Place,19(2), pp.127-137. Marginson, S., 2014. Student self-formation in international education.Journal of Studies in International Education,18(1), pp.6-22. Wu, H.P., Garza, E. and Guzman, N., 2015. International students challenge and adjustment to college.Education Research International,2015. Xu, L., 2015. Transitional challenges faced by post-secondary international students and approaches for their successful inclusion in classrooms.IJLL: International Journal for Leadership in Learning,1(3)

LTE Networks Essay Example

LTE Networks Essay LTE Networks Name: Institution: LTE Networks We will write a custom essay sample on LTE Networks specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on LTE Networks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on LTE Networks specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 4G is the new generation of wireless networks that has evolved from the third generation of mobile broadband communication. It is based on integrating terminals, networks and applications to fulfill increased user demand. 4G comprises LTE technology, HSPA+ and WiMax technologies. It is a general term coined by the ITU due to the advancements of the respective technologies relative to the original 3G networks. LTE systems have been designed to correct the numerous flaws related to 3G systems. The LTE systems have also been targeted to provide new services for instance; HD Video streaming and high quality voice communication. A term used to describe 4G technology is MAGIC. Mobile multimedia, Anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, Integrated wireless solutions and Customized personal service. LTE mobile networks are expected to provide high usability, global coverage, and easier broadband connectivity. This will make it easier for Telecom companies to expand coverage and consumption to areas previously not covered by 3G networks. High network capacity and low cost user-oriented services are also expected with the rolling out of LTE services. 4G communications are based on the Open Wireless Architecture (OWA). This will ensure that a single terminal can seamlessly connect to local high-speed wireless systems. For instance, when in homes, airports or shopping malls, the terminal can switch to present wireless LAN networks. When the user moves to a mobile zone i.e. a highway, the terminal can automatically switch to wireless mobile networks e.g. WCDMA or GPRS. Implementation of high performance 4G broadband necessitates use of multiple antennas, at the base station and subscriber module. Multiple antenna technology enables high capacities suited for multimedia applications e.g. streaming videos. These technologies also increase range and reliability of such networks considerably. OFDM is preferred to single carrier solutions in implementation of LTE networks. This is due to lower complexity of equalizers for high delay spread channels. A broadband signal is broken down into several narrow band carriers (tones). Each carrier is more robust to multi-path propagation. A cyclic prefix is added to maintain orthogonality within the tones. The prefix usually has a length greater than the expected delay spread. With proper coding and interleaving across frequencies, multi-path is transformed into an OFDM system advantage. This is by yielding frequency diversity. OFDM can be efficiently implemented by use of Fast Fourier Transform (FFTs) algorithms at both the transmitter and receiver. At the receiver, FFT algorithms reduce the channel response to a multiplicative constant, on a tone-by-tone basis. With multiple input and multiple output (MIMO), the channel response becomes a matrix. As each tone can be independently equalized, the complexity of space-time equalizers is entirely avoided. Multi-path is maintained as an advantage for a MIMO-OFDM system. This is because frequency selectivity caused by multi-path significantly improves the rank distribution of the channel matrices across frequency tones. Therefore, capacity is increased to BTS-on-a-chip or System-in-Package. Background Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has become a popular technique for transmission of signals over wireless channels. It has been implemented in various ways for instance; digital audio broadcasting (DAB), digital video broadcasting( DVB-T), the IEEE 802.11a, a local area network (LAN) standard and the IEEE 802.16a, a metropolitan network (MAN) standard. OFDM is also being implemented for dedicated short-range communications (DSRC). It will facilitate roadside to vehicle communications as a potential candidate for fourth generation (4G) wireless systems. The man goal in development of next-generation wireless communication systems is increasing bit-rate (link throughput) as well as network capacity. OFDM translates a frequency-selective channel into a parallel collection of frequency flat sub channels. When knowledge of a channel is available at the transmitter, the OFDM transmitter can adapt its signaling methodology to meet the channel. Since OFDM utilizes a large set of narrowly spaced sub-channels, these adaptive strategies can approach the ideal water pouring capacity of a frequency-selective channel. This is achieved by use of adaptive bit loading technologies. Here, different sized signal constellations are transmitted onto the sub-carriers. All MIMO-OFDM receivers must perform time synchronization; frequency offset estimation and correction and finally, parameter estimation. Generally, this is carried out by use of a preamble composed of several training sequences. Important improvements in throughput can be achieved when multiple antennas are implemented at both the transmitter and receiver side, especially in a rich scattering environment. This has been shown for wireless communication links in flat-fading as well as frequency-selective fading channels, multiple-transmit, multiple-receive antenna, i.e. MIMO. For portrayal purposes, the techniques can be split into two groups: space-time coding (STC) AND space division multiplexing (SDM).STC improves the performance of the communication system by coding over the different transmitter branches. However, SDM achieves a higher throughput by transmitting independent data streams on the different transmit branches and at the same carrier frequency. A potential application of the MIMO principle is the next generation Wireless-LAN technology. The current WLAN standards are IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11g. These standards are based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). A potential high data rate extension of these standards could be based on MIMO. This leads to the promising combination of the data rate enhancement of SDM and the high spectral efficiency and robustness against frequency-selective fading and narrowband interference of OFDM. Wireless LAN systems have various advantages. One is that they are mainly deployed in indoor environments. Such environments are typically characterized by a richly scattered multi-path Implementation Preamble W-LAN is a packet-switched system with a random access protocol. This means that a receiver possesses no prior knowledge about packet-arrival times. The random nature of the arrival times as well as the high data rates necessitate the synchronization to be completed shortly after the start of the reception of a packet. To enable ‘quick’ synchronization, the data packet is normally preceded with a known sequence known as ‘the preamble’. The preamble is carefully designed to provide enough information for efficient packet detection, frequency offset estimation, symbol timing, and channel estimation. Once there is accurate knowledge of the MIMO channel elements, the MIMO processing can separate the signal components originating from the different transmit antennas. To approximate the MIMO channel, it is necessary that the sub-channels from the TX antennas be uniquely different from the RX antennas. For that to be achieved, the preambles on the different TX antennas must be orthogonal as well as shift-orthogonal, at least for the channel length. Time Synchronization: 1.) Frame Detection/Coarse Timing: The purpose for frame detection (FD) is to recognize the preamble in order to detect arrival of a packet. This preamble detection algorithm can also be used as a coarse timing (CT) algorithm. This is because it inherently provides a rough estimate of the packet’s starting point. Different data-aided FD algorithms have been proposed for OFDM. For instance, a simple MIMO extension of Schmidl’s timing offset algorithm was proposed. All these algorithms are based n the correlation between the repeated symbols constituting the preamble. 2.) Symbol Timing: The symbol timing in an OFDM system chooses where to place the start of the FFT window within the OFDM symbol. An OFDM system exhibits a guard interval (GI), making it somewhat robust against timing offsets. Non-optimal symbol timing will result into more ISI and inter-carrier interference (ICI) in delay spread environments. This will result in a decrease in performance. C. Frequency Synchronization It is necessary for the frequency synchronization to correct the frequency offset. This is due to the difference in oscillator frequencies at the transmitter and the receiver. D. Channel Estimation When time synchronization is performed at the receiver and after the received signals are corrected for the frequency offset, the channel can be estimated using the known training symbols within the preamble. When the timing is performed correctly, it can be known which received samples correspond to the timing part. Synchronization Tracking using Pilot Sub-carriers The processing of the preamble deals with the initial synchronization of the MIMO OFDM receiver. However, it is very likely that the frequency offset will vary during the packet’s reception. This makes solely initial frequency synchronization insufficient. Furthermore, the system will experience phase noise (PN) invoked by the combination of RF oscillator and the phase-locked loop (PLL). MIMO Detection Algorithms: Once a packet is recognized and the synchronization and channel estimation are done, the FFT begins retrieving the sub-carrier signals. MIMO detection is applied to these signals on a sub-carrier basis. In terms of spatial multiplexing, the MLD-based detection algorithm PAC SOMLD executes well. MIMO-OFMD Design Constraints The key channel characteristics influencing wireless broadband systems are channel dispersion, Rician K-factor, the Doppler effect, cross-polarization discrimination, antenna correlation and the condition number. Doppler Effect: The fixed wireless channel Doppler spectrum is significantly different from the mobile channel Doppler spectrum. For fixed wireless channels, it was found that the Doppler is in the 0.1-2 Hz frequency range. It also has close to exponential or rounded spectrum shape. However, for mobile wireless channels, the Doppler can be at around 100 Hz. It also has the Jake’s spectrum. Cross-Polarization Discrimination: The cross polarization discrimination (XPD) is defined as the ratio of the co-polarized average received power P2 to the cross-polarized average received power; P. XPD measures the separation between two transmission channels that use variant polarization orientations. The larger the XPD, the less energy is coupled between the cross-polarized channels. The XPD values were found to decrease with increasing distance. Antenna Correlation: Antenna correlation plays a paramount role in single-input multi-output (SIMO), multi-input single-output (MISO), and MIMO systems. If the complex correlation coefficient is relatively high (e.g. higher than 0.7), diversity and multiplexing gains can be significantly reduced (or completely diminished in the case of correlation of 1). Generally, it was discovered that the complex correlation coefficients are low, in the 0.1-0.5 range for properly selected base station and receiver antenna configurations. Condition Number: The condition number can be described as a ratio of the maximum and minimum Eigen values of the MIMO channel matrix. Large capacity gains from spatial multiplexing operations in MIMO wireless systems are possible. However, this is only when the statistical distribution of condition numbers mostly contains low values. LOS conditions often create undesirable MIMO matrix conditions (i.e. high condition numbers) that can be mitigated by use of dual-polarized antennas. For low BTS antennas, most propagation conditions are non-LOS with a considerable amount of scattering, in which case the multiplexing gains of MIMO systems are incredibly significant. Current obstacles Despite the aforementioned improvements over traditional 3G networks, 4G (specifically, LTE) faces numerous obstacles in its implementation today. First, its throughput though advantageous, put it at a huge disadvantage. The fast speeds provided risk network congestion due to growing popularity of mobile broadband. This is accentuated by the stagnant growth in capture of spectrum capacity. Modern wireless technologies also have performance limited to signal quality. Secondly, pricing has been used as a deterrent by Telecoms companies due to network capacity constraints. A gigabyte goes for around $10. Roaming also poses a problem to LTE technologies. This is because different countries use different LTE network bands. Consequently, mobile devices will most likely fall back to 3G, which is universal. Mobile broadband is mostly consumed by smartphones and tablets. LTE chips require significantly more power than their 3G counterparts do to run. Therefore, battery life comes up as a problem in early smartphones. This is accentuated by the fact that LTE phones consume data faster than their 3G counterparts do. Disadvantages LTE has several disadvantages. One, it is very expensive to set up. For starters, it requires a lot more base stations than their LMR equivalents (Land Mobile Radio). Secondly, LTE equipment is quite expensive to purchase and deploy. It requires a very skilled to implement. Such high costs force the Telecoms operators to pass them on to their customers. To use LTE networks, it is necessary for consumers to purchase new cell phones to make use of new network infrastructure. The LTE standard currently supports only packet switching, as it is an all-IP network. GSM, UMTS and CDMA networks however, circuit-switch their voice calls. This will force carriers to re-engineer their voice call networks, further driving up LTE adoption costs. The Future Current adoption of 4G is not as widespread as 3G. However, its future is already being seen by recent developments. In January 2013, the ITU approved two new standards; LTE-Advanced and Wireless MAN-Advanced. LTE-Advanced will succeed current LTE networks while WiMax networks will be followed by Wireless MAN-Advanced. LTE-Advanced has been designed to meet the current constraints facing LTE especially carrier capacity. It will not necessarily increase consumer speeds past LTE’s 100Mbps. However, it will improve the overall experience. LTE-Advanced will also feature four or more antennas in a mobile device. This will potentially boost speeds experienced and their reliability. However, current applications may not necessitate an increase in network speeds.

Internal Memorandum Essays

Internal Memorandum Essays Internal Memorandum Essay Internal Memorandum Essay Internal Memorandum Name: Course: Date: Internal Memorandum To: From: Re: Issue Mr. Blake was watching the super bowl game on at the residence of Jessie Smith and his wife on 2-7-2011. Mr. Blake and two other guests were on the couch watching TV and packing a white powdered substance into small bags. Police officers who responded to the Smith’s home for noise complaint stated that they observed Mr. Blake and his friends packing the white powder through the large living room window of Jessie Smith’s home. Since the Police officer saw this in plain view while responding to the complaint, Mr. Blake’s drug charge is admissible according to the Criminal Statutes provided by the Firm’s Law Librarian. The relevant criminal procedure is that if a police officer reasonably suspects that a person has committed, is committing or is about to commit a felony or a Penal Law misdemeanor, the officer is authorized to stop, question and frisk that person. The officer’s personal observation gave them a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity t aking place in the house. â€Å"Procedural criminal law sets forth the rules and laws to be followed from the investigative stage of a crime to the arrest, trial, and sentencing of the defendant. The fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures† (Garland 2009, p.36). Rule The Possession of a Controlled Substance can be either a felony or misdemeanor under the DC code. Controlled substances may include drugs like heroin, marijuana, and firearms that are not registered. According to the misdemeanor DC Code Citation:  §48-904.01,  §48-904.08 criminal statutes provided by the firm’s law librarian states two elements for the misdemeanor level of offense, which are: 1) The defendant possessed a controlled substance. 2) The defendant did so knowingly and intentionally. This means he did it consciously, voluntarily, and on purpose, not mistakenly, accidentally, or inadvertently. From the observations of the responding officers, they witnessed both of these elements stated above. Part two of the Possession of a Controlled Substance under the felony offense: DC Code Citation:  §48-904.01and the charge elements are: 1) The defendant distributed a controlled substance. To distribute means to transfer or to attempt to transfer an item to another person’s possession. The government need not prove that the defendant received or expected to receive anything of value in return after the transfer has taken place. 2) The defendant distributed the controlled substance knowingly and intentionally. This means consciously, voluntarily, and on purpose, not mistakenly, accidentally, or inadvertently. 3) When the defendant distributed the controlled substance, he was at least 21 years of age as is required by law. 4) When he distributed the controlled substance, the person to whom the controlled substance was distributed to be under 18 years old and, therefore, was a juvenile. 5) The amount or quantity of the controlled substance distributed was 30 grams or more. Analysis The officers stated that they also observed Mr. Blake pass over a white powdery baggie to another person standing near the couch. Therefore, this makes the charge of Possession of a Controlled Substance admissible because they observed Mr. Blake pass over the white powder-filled bag to someone else in the room intentionally. He voluntarily not mistakenly distributed the controlled substance to another person. So according to the facts and Criminal Statutes provided by the Firm’s Law Librarian, the Possession of a Controlled Substance charge in this case is admissible and, therefore, considered a felony. The facts presented meet the requirements set out in the DC Code for the drug evidence. The possession of an unregistered firearm charge should NOT be admissible. This charge should not be accepted because the responding police officers did not witness the guns in the possession of Mr. Blake, the defendant. After entering the home, they observed the guns sandwiched in between t he cushions of the couch near the location Mr. Blake was seated, but he is not the owner of the home and was not in possession of the firearms at the time. This is the reason why the police officers do not have enough probable cause to pin the unregistered firearms on Mr. Blake. If nobody else in the home admits to owning the unregistered firearms, then the homeowner should be held liable for the charges of Unregistered Firearm. This is because the firearms were found in their home. According to the DC Criminal Statutes, this can be either a Felony or a Misdemeanor. Mr. Blake does not meet the requirements for any of the elements of this offense or the supplied case laws. This means that Mr. Blake cannot be accused of the possession of unregistered firearms (Werle et al, 2005). Conclusion From the collected evidence, it can be concluded that Mr. Blake is admissible for the drug possession charges but not the possession of firearm charges’. Blake is admissible for the drug charges because the police witnessed the criminal drug activity going on through the window of the home, while responding to that home for a noise complaint. Mr. Blake is not liable for the firearm charge because police do not have valid proof that the unregistered firearms found in the house belongs to Mr. Blake. The unregistered firearms could belong to any of the other occupants in the home during the super bowl game when the arrest took place. References Garland, N. M. (2009). Criminal law for the criminal justice professional. New York: McGraw-Hill. Werle, G. (2005). Principles of international criminal law. The Hague: TMC Asser Press.

Finance (Case Study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Finance (Case Study) - Essay Example They should work out how much (after paying off all their debts and driving down their expenditure) they can save every month. Good saving habits and practices begin with a clear knowledge and understanding of what one is capable of and how much one can spend at any given time without negatively affecting his/her financial health. The couple must therefore know how much they are capable of saving every month, compare that figure to the actual amount they are saving and then start cutting down on unnecessary spending. Work out a Saving Plan Ascertaining saving is only the first step. It acts as a precursor to the next course of action, which is working out a saving plan. The most important thing to note here is that one thing leads to the other, and in a case like this it is advisable to move in a systematic and methodical manner. Assuming the couple has now figured out how much they are capable of saving every month, they can now move to achieve that goal. All expenditures should be planned in such a way that the saving targets are either met at the end of every month (or even surpassed). So long as the couple is saving money, meeting its targets and avoiding unnecessary expenditures, a strong financial foundation has been laid which will act as a launching pad for financial security and freedom. Their Current Financial Situation I would say that the couple is currently doing fine. Their total expenditure per annum is $228,348, compared to their total income per annum which is $294,650. This means that at the end of every month they are able to save $66,302. In addition to this, their investments and assets total $1,771,500, while their total debt is $28,965. I would therefore say that since the couple is not in debt and they are able to save some money, their financial position is pretty healthy. As a consequence, it is possible that through better saving and spending habits, they can save even more money and maintain a positive financial outlook going forward . All the Aspects of their Finances Kevin and Alex are capable of saving more than they are saving now. The only thing they need to do is to eliminate any unnecessary costs and expenditures that can only serve to increase their debt. It is however encouraging to see that both of them have invested in either a superannuation or some other type of fund. Alex diverts a portion of her salary ($33,000) to a superannuation fund, while Kevin has invested in a superfund. Apart from this, the couple has invested in a share portfolio, an investment unit and a debenture. The superannuation is important because it provides them with a sense of security and something to fall back on once they are either retired or are unable to work. The debenture, investment unit and share portfolio also offer viable financial alternatives that would otherwise be unavailable if the couple did not seek financial security. Their Overall Situation I would laud the couple for making efforts to secure their future, because although they are faced with numerous financial challenges, they are managing to stay afloat. With a combined income of less than $300,000, it is commendable that they have made some very good investment moves. They took out a mortgage, and even though it was $850,000 at the time they took it, their house is now worth $1,050,000. This means that once they stop remitting the monthly payments that are due, they will own their home and probably get even a higher value for